Ano Ang Kahulugan Ng Impression?

Marvic S. Garcia 211 Caoibes St. Balayan, Batangas (63)9335615026 / (63)9217691390 [email  protected] com ObjectiveTo continually enhance my knowledge and skills that I possess by absorbing and adopting the techniques whichc can be contributed by the other environment to be able to contribute for the better of myself and field where I belong. Capabilities and Skills Operation of CNC Milling (Makino Seiki MSA50 Fanuc Series16, OKK VS5-II Fanuc Series16i, Mori Seiki DuraVertical 5060 Fanuc)Robodrill T21 I Ee(Fanuc 4-way axis) OKK MC-VM4(4-way axis) and Takizawa(TC-200 L6) lathe machine, Haas VF1, FP3 Deckel, Victor Taichung Milling, DC 100, Okuma Turning(LH55L), Mazak(Mazatroll T-plus) ? Knowledgeable in engineering/mechanical drawings ? Knowledgeable in Mastercam Version 8. 0 (2D/milling process) ? Knowledgeable in Microsoft Word and Excel ? Knowledgeable in Using QC tools (calipers, micrometer, pin gauge, thread gauge, gauge block, digiheight and microhyte)Other capabilities: Well experienced in handling tight tolerance dimensions in fabricating products. Capable of setting-up CNC milling and CNC lathe machines. Can create Manual programs and have background in Mastercam programing for CNC milling with FANUC control. Can handle different types of material such as Aluminums, Plastics, Stainless Steels, Cast Irons and Heat-treated materials. Knowledgeable in different types of working environments (Mass Production/Precision and Tooling) Knowledgeable in fabricating semi-conductor products and Mold parts. Work Experiences Steel Asia Manufaccturing Corp.CNC Machinist Bahay Pari, Meycauayan Bulacan Jan. 2013 – Present Job Description ? Set-up and operate CNC lathe and CNC nutching machine ? Editing programs for CNC lathe machine and nutching machine ? Set-up and operates conventional lathe machine ? Operates welding machine ? Analyzing programs ? Checking, preparing and installing tools to the machine ? Monitoring of the dimensions and appearance of the pro duct ? Filling-up of daily out-put form and inspection sheets ? Operates overhead cranes for lifting materials ? Reporting to superior from time-to-time Ramcar TechnologyCNC Machinist Sta. Maria Industrial Park, Brgy. Bulac Sta. Maria, Bulacan Oct. 2011 – Oct. 2012 Job Description ? Set-up and operate CNC lathe and CNC milling machines ? Creating manual programs for CNC Milling machines ? Analyzing programs ? Checking, preparing and installing tools to the machine ? Operates overhead cranes for lofting-up materials ? Adjustments of parameters, programs and WCS of the machine ? Operates ban saw cutting machine ? Monitoring of the dimensions and appearance of the product ? Filling-up of daily out-put form and inspection sheets ? Reporting to uperior from time-to-time Castem Phils. Inc. CNC Machinist CEPZ, Rosario, Cavite Aug. 2009 – Oct. 2011 Job Description ? Set-up and operate CNC lathe and CNC milling machines ? Creating and Analyzing programs ? Checking, preparing an d installing tools to the machine ? Adjustments of parameters, programs and WCS of the machine ? Monitoring of the dimensions and appearance of the product ? Filling-up of daily out-put form and inspection sheets ? Reporting to superior from time-to-time Enlin Steel Corp. CNC Machinist CEPZ, Rosario, Cavite March 2008 – April 2009 Job Description Operate CNC Lathe Machine ? Se -up CNC lathe machines ? Setting up of tools ? Editing CNC programs ? Checking of the quantity of the material before fabrication ? Conduct inspection from time-to-time ? Conduct preventive maintenance of the machine Dic Seimitsu Phils. Inc. CNC Machinist CEPZ, Rosario, Cavite March 2007-Sept. 2007 Job Description ? Operation of CNC Milling (Makino Seiki MSA50 Fanuc Series16, ? OKK VS5-II Fanuc Series16i, Mori Seiki DuraVertical 5060Fanuc) ? Analyze engineering drawings that can be translated to Mastercam Version 8. 0 programs use in fabrication of products. Jigs, tools and fixtures Fabrication ? Master cam Version 8. 0 milling process programming. ? Use of QC tools such as Caliper, Micrometer, Digiheight, pin gauge, thread gauge, gauge block and microhyte use for inspection before and after fabrication. Nanbu Phils. Inc. Extrusion Staff / Machinist CEPZ, Rosario, Cavite March 2006- Sept. 2006 Job Description ? Set-up extrusion machines ? Fabricating Moulds for extrusion machine ? Cleaning, repairing and Re-machining moulds ? Installing mould and calibrator of the machine ? Conducting pre-heating and booting-up of the machine ?Conducting size checking and visual inspection of the product ? Conducting adjustments of the parameters of the machine if necessary Educational Background Tertiary Balayan Colleges Balayan, Batangas Computer Technology (1997-1999) Secondary Balayan National High School Balayan, Batangas 1993-1997 PrimaryBalayan East Central School Balayan, Batangas 1986-1993 Personal Information Male, Single, July 13, 1980, Balayan, Batangas, Roman Catholic, 5’6†, 136 lbs. I here by attest that all information stated above are true and correct to the best of my knowledge. Marvic S. Garcia

living with your parents advantages Essay

Still living with your parents? Thinking about moving in with your folks because you are unable to pay your own rent, lost your job, just divorced, studying again, can’t afford a house of your own or any other reason? Your move is likely to be driven by a circumstance and a situation you have found yourself in. And as an adult in his/her 20s or 30s, there are advantages and disadvantages of living with your mom, dad or both. Know them before you move back in. Advantages of living with your parents 1) Living on a tight budget: You will save money One of the biggest advantages of living with your parents is that you can save a lot of money. From rent, utility bills, renovations, shared grocery bills and a lot more. If you have just graduated and can’t find a job, if you are out of a job and struggling to pay your debts, if you are facing financial problems – living with your parents could be you answer to saving money on everyday expenses. Think of it as a stop gap arrangement until you get back on your feet. 2) You don’t have to do all the housework Doing the laundry, putting the dishes in the washer, putting them back when they are done, vacuuming, cleaning the living areas from time to time and taking out the trash are just some of the daily chores that need to be done around the house. If you are still living with your parents, you may find yourself exempt from some of these mundane tasks as your mom or dad may be doing them to keep themselves busy. If you are lucky, your mom may even do your laundry while she is at it. 3) You have someone to cook you a nice meal when you can’t As a working professional or a busy student, you may not always have the time to come home and fix yourself a homemade meal. If you were living on your own, you would probably have grabbed a takeaway or a quick bite the local joint. Along with living with your parents comes the added benefit of enjoying warm home cooked meals even if you don’t get the time to cook. Your mom may have something ready on the table by the time you come home from work. 4) Your parents can help with little kids: Big plus for single moms and single dads Single moms and single dads going through a rough patch in life may find it financially, mentally and physically more comfortable to live with their parents until their troubles are sorted out. Only a single mom will know what it takes to work and manage a child. Only a single dad will how it feels to play the dotting dad and the caring mommy at the same time. If you find yourself in a similar situation and are burdened with financial troubles, you could think about the option of living with your parents, at least for a while. From picking up your little kids from school to giving them food when they want, your parents could be the guardian angels that swoop in to help you scrape through when your life hits rock bottom. 5) Familiarity: The feeling of being at home and not with random strangers Besides being cheaper and more convenient, another advantage of living with your parents is that there is a big sense of familiarity. The house is probably the one you grew up in, and you may find sharing your living space with familiar faces more comforting than with random strangers. Dealing with an annoying roommate or housemate is a pain and if you feel like taking time off from renting and sharing, living with your parents could be your stop gap arrangement and peace of mind. 6) The bond of family: You can feel the satisfaction of helping your parents As you live with your parents, you will possibly get many chances to help them and make them feel better. From taking your mom to the doctors to helping your dad do his silly antics in sprucing up the garden, spending time with your parents as they age gracefully can possibly the memories you cherish forever. If your life is going through a rough patch and you are forced to move out of your own home and live with your parents, look at it as an opportunity to share a few extra memories rather than complain. Disadvantages of living with your parents 1) You don’t have privacy or your space Living with your parents will strip you of your space and privacy and that can be a psychological burden if you have been used to living alone for a long time. No longer will you have the freedom to walk straight out of bed and head to the kitchen in your underwear nor will you be able to go naked from one room to another. While these were just two quirky and humorous examples, you should remember that you can say goodbye to your privacy and the concept of having your own space. 2) You can’t call friends over or have house parties Have you always been the guy/girl at whose place friends crash every now and then? That could change when you move in with your parents. A big disadvantage of living with your parents especially from the perspective of someone in their 20s or 30s, is that you can’t call your friends over. You can also forget about hosting parties, whether it is a cozy get-together of your college buddies or some of your office colleagues coming over for a round of after work drinks. 3) You will be given unnecessary advice on your life Whether you move in with your mum, dad or both, you are likely to receive advice on your life even if you don’t ask for it. From the stuff that you eat, the time that you sleep or the number of hours you play video games for, be prepared to get unsolicited advice for just about everything. 4) There will be clash of opinions: You could fallout with your folks Always remember that there is a big generational gap between you and your parents. Don’t expect them to think like you and most importantly, don’t expect them to behave in a certain manner. They will talk and walk in the same way as they have been doing since decades. The difference in outlook towards life will be amplified if there are arguments and petty nit pickings over trivial household issues. One small problem can lead to another, possibly leading to a fallout with your parents. Be prepared for a clash of opinions, keeping in mind that it is you who will have to compromise and let go of many things. 5) Your friends and colleagues will make fun of you The inevitable disadvantage of living with your parents is that your friends and colleagues are likely to make fun of you. You will be known as the 29 year old guy who still lives with his mom or the 31 year old single woman who lives with her folks. There is a certain social baggage that comes along with moving in with your parents once you are an adult, but you will have to take it head on. There is no escaping this and you should prepare yourself for a taunt or two every now and then from the people you are around every day. 6) Your love life is likely to take a tumble Your parents are not likely to be fond of you calling your dates over at their place, especially if the both of you lock yourself in the bedroom for hours. No longer will you be able to think of quirky date ideas within the confines of your own home. Women may not be most impressed if they see you as the guy in his late twenties still living with his parents. Even men may be put off if they form a certain image of a 30 plus year old woman doing the same. 7) You won’t learn the hard lessons of life This applies especially to guys and girl in their twenties who have never moved out of the house. There are a lot of tough lessons and curve balls that life throws every now and then. And by living with your parents, you could be shielding yourself from some of the hardships life has to offer. When you eventually move out, living alone could turn out to be an unpleasant experience as you may have not been used paying rent, struggling to pay bills or not having to do the dishes by yourself every single day of the year. 8) You will not make your way into the property market A financial disadvantage that most discussions overlook is that the longer you live with your parents, the longer it is going to take you to enter the property market yourself. Regardless of the economic situation or the state of the property market, the sooner you buy a house for yourself, the quicker you are going to be done with mortgage repayments. If don’t think of this as a big deal, ask a single dad in his 40s about the burden of a ballooning mortgage and you are likely to get an eye opening reply. 9) Your parents will always treat you as their child You may be 29 years old now but you must remember that your parents will always look at you as their child. You will always be the little guy or girl who held their hands with his/her tiny fingers while taking a walk in the park. No matter how old you get, you will likely be treated as a child. Your mom may continue behaving like the dotting mom while your dad can continue acting like a father figure. Your ego may take a hit when this happens, but it is just another thing that you will have to deal with until you find a place for yourself.

Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 19

Motivation - Essay Example The job enrichment of individuals in organizational premises is a factor of concern for the workers welfare that deals in motivational duties and a sense of promoting their working existence. Job enrichment is used when management wants to motivate employees so that they can be more productive. Job enlargement entails adding tasks and assigning more promotes duties to the existing job description. Job enlargement works on the basis of equal and fair distribution of tasks in an entrepreneurship systems. This aspect of managerial skills is a fundamental productive approach to successful business. Job enlargement is used so when management wants to increase employee productivity by assigning them more tasks so that they are occupied and they work hard. Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs is a clear description on the fundamental human requirements that are universal. Maslow’s Hierarchy principal is demonstrative and has a categorical chain of procedure. The complete Maslow’s Hierarchy demands a protocol path that is demonstrative of the basic needs. According to the law, the fundamental requirement demands a complete execution of the basic wants before the principal is approached (Mantel, 214). Maslow’s Hierarchy entails: 2. Safety level- During this context, the workers safety is guaranteed by the employers or the management team. The management works on promoting the basic security concerns and handles health, financial and emotional well being of the employees. 3. The sense of belonging- This principal touches on individual identification aspects to groups, societies or class. The employees would want to fit into a recognizable community depending on their categorical similarities (Mantel, 214). The organization or the employers would engage on competitive events, organize job trips and take part in team work involving activities that will instill the sense of togetherness and eventually promote the love between workers. 4. Esteem- This is

Antony and Cleopatra Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Antony and Cleopatra - Essay Example Therefore, it becomes debatable if he actually lost honor or gained honor over the course of the play. Berek (1981) notes that the play is full of conflicts and these conflicts are internal as well as external. For example, the conflict between Rome and Egypt is an external conflict which is reflected in political struggles as well as war in which honor can be gained or lost. For Antony however, the internal conflicts between reason and emotion as well as duty and love are more difficult to handle than war or politics. In fact, the character of Mark Antony gains as wel as loses honor because of these conflicts that he can not handle and as reported by Berek, â€Å"These fatal conflicts corrupt Mark Antony (in the older view of the play) or (as more recent critics argue) translate the lovers into a realm of pure nobility† (1981, Pg. 295). The case of Antony is also complicated by the fact that his definition of honor focuses on who he is as a person. Instead of considering himself to be honorable if he is able to vanquish his enemies or honorable if he is able to help his friends in need, he considers his honor to be his own self. He says â€Å"If I lose my honor, / I lose myself† (Act 3, Scene 4) and for him, this definition is sufficient. While we have a general idea of what were honorable acts during the times the play is set, we have no real insight into what Mark Antony considers to be the exact meaning of honor. We do however get an idea of what he could think is a loss of honor since falling in love with Cleopatra has made his lose his wife and his sense of duty towards Rome. In Act 1, Scene 2, Antony says that he could â€Å"lose himself† since he is continually doting upon Cleopatra and not focusing on his duties. At the same time, there is honor and inherent nobility in love which he considers to be more important than the duties that he feels. This sort of flip flop lets the audience know that he is indeed an honorable man but he is in

Multinational Corporations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Multinational Corporations - Essay Example Multinational Corporations have now become an integral part of the international society. Whether these multinational giants are beneficial or damaging to the society as such is a question which is debatable. There are opinions for and against the multinationals depending upon one’ perspective and social position in this world. We shall discuss the impact of multinational corporations in detail and present views for and against them in the following paragraphs. One major factor to be considered when one talks about multinationals is that most of them are from the developed countries like the USA, Japan, UK, France and Germany (International Labour Organization {ILO} website). Other countries are almost non participants or have just started making their presence felt as exemplified by the Daewoo Corporation of Korea and Venezuela (oil company), according to ILO. No doubt that multinationals have been in existence from the very beginning ever since companies and corporations came into being and looked beyond their horizons for business. The British Empire which ruled most parts of the world in the last two centuries is an example of a multinational temperament and presence. The multinationals do cover up some of the essential requirements of the human race and strive to fulfil every need but at the same time they tend to obliterate any small enterprise which attempts to launch similar products or services.

Solve A Propblem Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Solve A Propblem - Research Paper Example There is a lot of hue and cry on global warming because warming brings climate changes in the form of drought or torrential rains in some part of Earth, melts glaciers, lengthens seasons, develops cyclones and large scale disruption in variety of ways. Global warming is entirely a human creation and it needs to be resolved accordingly. If Earth keeps getting warmer, it is quite likely that about 25 percent of our plants and species on Earth could go extinct by end of this century. Our ecosystem is in danger because each plant or species acts as a predator, a source of food, a source of shelter or a pollinator and loosing even one of them affects whole chain in ecosystem. Causes of Global Warming While going into the root cause or causes of global warming, the pertinent question arises how and why does global warming take place? Scientists state that it occurs because humans have begun burning fossil fuels in large quantities in last one hundred year or so and the burning goes on in i ndustries, power stations, and vehicles uninterruptedly. Burning generates carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide gases that go to atmosphere. Oceans do absorb greenhouse gases and maintain a delicate balance; however, load of emissions are now so high that nature cannot clear them on its own. Can Clean Energy Stop Global Warming? Energy is the most crucial and strategic resource necessary for economic development and more than 80 percent of the current energy needs are met with fossil fuels. The moot question is can we replace fossil fuels with some other sources of energy that are clean in nature and do not generate any harmful emissions? Certainly, there are clean sources of energy such as wind, solar, hydro, biofuel, hydrogen and many more that can be used to generate electricity to meet our requirement. Let us, time being, assume that all these technologies have reached to a level where it is feasible to replace fossil fuels completely and now there is no release of greenhouse gases any more – then, does this mean that world will become free from the global warming completely? Apparently, it may seem so but that is far from truth! It has been established that pre-industrial carbon dioxide concentration was 280 parts per million (PPM) that has gone past 380 PPM in 2010 – a rise of over 30 percent after the process of industrialization that began in 1850. Unless carbon dioxide level falls back to the pre-industrial level of 280 PPM, global warming will continue on this planet (Effects of Changing the Carbon Cycle, 2013). Why? It is worth noting that about 30 percent of the carbon dioxide that humans have emitted into the atmosphere has been taken away by the ocean. In the process of dissolving carbon dioxide in the ocean water forms carbonic acid reducing pH (the measure of acidity) of the water by 0.1 – almost 30 percent increase in acidity of the ocean water. Experts state that ‘coral reefs’ that provide habitat to fish a nd other creatures in the ocean will get vanished in increased ocean acidity (Global Climate Change, 2013). Its impact will be severely felt in coming years in terms of lost food web that joins all oceanic creatures. Moreover, warmer oceans, due to greenhouse effect, would have impact on the growth of phytoplankton and sea grasses because they grow better in cool waters. This eventually reduces the

Strategic Analysis of Samsung Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Strategic Analysis of Samsung - Essay Example As per Franniegold (2008), the company's brand value was at US 5.2 billion in 2000 ranked 43rd globally, in 2001 it was ranked 42nd with USD 604 billion and in the year 2005, Samsung was at position 20th among the first companies with brand value of 14.96 billion. The company has taken up 18.1 % of all the exports which contributes to the economy of Korea with 13.2% billion in 2000 and by 2004 it grew to 20.7% with Brand value of USD 52.7 billion. Its tax payments to the Korean Government in 2003 were KRW 6.5 trillion, 6.3% of the total revenues from tax. By the year 1997, Samsung market value shot up to KRW 7.3 trillion accounting to 10.3% of the Korean market. By 2004 it went up to KRW 90.8 trillion. The company's net annual profits in 2001 were KRW 5.8 trillion and in 2002 it went up to KRW 11.7 trillion. These figures shot up to KRW 15.7 trillion in 2004 indicating a steady increase. Samsung annual profit growth is as follows: in 2001 it grew by 4.5 billion, in 2002 it reached $ 8.89 billion and in 2003 this figures shot up to $ 5.6 billion while $11.8 billion were recorded by the end of the year 2004. The firms debt-to-equity ration decrease includes: 104% as by 2000, 78% in 2001, 68% as in 2002, in 2003 the figures were decreasing at 56% while 2003experienced a decrease of 51%. Mission and Vision statement Its mission and vision statement, Economic contribution to the nation, priority to human resources, pursuit of rationalism, indicates its existence purpose and propels and gives the company a direction towards growth in the future. Currently, the company's strategic objectives indicate leadership in product development, strong performance, concentration in research and development and universal operation and presence as well as profitability and customer orientation. Samsung has installed strong mission and vision statements as well as good management philosophy that helps it achieve the above objectives. Its state of being conglomerate relates to its diversification in the other subsidiary group companies that it posses (Samsung Group, 2006). The appropriate approach to the market involves the manner in which it gains value to each and every section of the supply chain that encompasses relationship of customers and data relating to the products. This is achieved through Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). The company seeks to link up core gadgets like system-LSI, memory chips, A/V and LCDs, telecommunication gadgets, computers, home appliances, home appliances as well as other stand-alone goods into a net remedy to period of digital convergence. Samsung is dedicated to continuously create good relationship with its stakeholders comprising of employees, customers, suppliers as well as several governments and communities as a whole. It has a great focus on quality products that are at better competitive edge in the market. Strategic Analysis factors Samsung's in-depth business and strategic analysis involves a comprehensive study of the company, its

Poison Politics Do Negative Campaign Ads Have an Affect on Voters Research Paper

Poison Politics Do Negative Campaign Ads Have an Affect on Voters - Research Paper Example It cast an influence on the voters which was sufficient to bring the intended result. Key words: Negative ad campaigns, Politics, election, affect on voters, beneficial, harmful. Introduction The minds always active in the towers of politics have gained the knowledge of the powers of the media and its overwhelming effects over the minds of the populace. They have realized that media can be utilized as the biggest medium of propagation. The exploitation of media in one’s purpose has become a norm of today’s political sociality. The rule is practiced in the political campaigns of the entire world but in the United States of America, the ratio is relatively the bigger. In fact media is one of the only tools the candidates for presidency in the United States of America use to attract the masses towards their will. In the course, no hesitation is felt to highlight the negative aspects of the opponent’s life. Such ads in which the opponent’s image is presented a s unfavorable are called negative ads and hence the negative ad campaigns (Kamber, 1997). Negative ads work to exploit the sentiments and emotions of the society. Negative ads work because humans are emotional and psychologically they are impressed by appeals. Though the overall turnout is not necessarily affected by the negative ad campaigns, it however helps in turning one’s already developed point of view. â€Å"Advertising matters at the margins. ... One unconsciously processes the ads though he claims to have his mind not affected by the ads. About the undecided voters, â€Å"Drew Western† found them completely overwhelmed by the negative political ads. The reason behind is just simple: humans are curious for harms. We always stop to the wreck of a car but never to the flowers all around the roads (Sohn, 2012). Statement of Problem 47% Video is an ad in which Romney spoke at a fundraiser in the words: â€Å"there are 47% who are with Obama, who are dependent on government, who believe they are victims, and who believe the government has a responsibility to care for them† (Newport, 2012). The video entangled Mitt Romney as he had talked abusingly of the American people. Obama and company exploited the video against Romney. They told the people that Romney did not deserve to be their President as he had talked about them scornfully. The ad affected the overall political scenario of the United States of America. The s trength of negativity lies in its pulling of the people to search for more information about the candidates. For instance, the 47% video of Romney leaked in the recent elections. He was talking to some confidante in a closed room and at a suitable time, the conversation recorded was made open to the whole nation. The video compelled a large number of people to rethink of their favor for Romney. Many were heard to say that after watching the said advertisement, they were of the view that Romney was narrow-minded and such a person could not lead the nation among huge crisis. This is now to evaluate the statement that negative ads definitely work. The results of the 2012 Presidential Elections reveal that both the candidates fought with each

Media Relations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Media Relations - Assignment Example Quite the contrary: There’s so much information nobody can find anything† (Howard & Mathews, p. 3). Personally, I find it easy to be able to perform a quick Google search to be able to locate the information I need, whether it is a quote from a book, an excerpt from a script, or even a search in EBSCO to obtain necessary sources. I would like to look further into where they obtained this information; is it simply because it is someone of an older generation who is saying this, someone who hasn’t grown up with the internet, and as such, does not have the necessary skills to be able to narrow down their keywords for their search, or is it something more? In On Deadline: Managing Media Relations, the next thing to surprise me was the comment that â€Å"print is not dead† (Howard & Mathews, p. 4), where they go on to state that â€Å"the print media are still competitive and willing to take steps to adapt to todays’ readers† (Howard & Mathews, p. 4), while it makes sense that electronic print media is on the rise, and though the idea of magazines still being published in print form makes sense, it seems that print newspapers would start to die out, as readership grows online. I would like to learn what the true statistics are for this, and if it is really actually still feasible from an economic standpoint that they continue to make actual print newspapers for much longer. Finally, the third thing that surprised me was the idea presented in â€Å"Handling the Difficult Interview† that if there is a media crisis, that it is in the company’s best interests to â€Å"disseminate friendly evidence† (Krattenmaker, p. 4), even if the scandal is false. It would seem to me that simply a denial of the issue would suffice, but instead it is suggested that friendly evidence also be provided as well; while this may be worthwhile from a public relations standpoint, in some cases, it does not seem like it would be a benefit overall, and in fact would serve to

American football positions Essay Example for Free

American football positions Essay Play design is two fold 1. To get to the outside and take advantage of our TB’s speed. 2. To create vertical seams so that we can take advantage of over pursuing defenders Oline Frontside- Reach Overtake Rules O-line Backside- Cut backside Defensive tackle Playside receivers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦GOTTA MAN UP AND GET PHYSICAL HERE!!!! QBOpen at 4 or 8 o’clock and find the running back. Once you have handed off the ball Boot away from the play (Right) and carry out your â€Å"Winter†. Get on your horse to handoff the ball. TB is NOT waiting for you. LTStretch Rules LGStretch Rules CStretch Rules RGStretch Rules RTStretch Rules WPearl Route XWheel route YMan block. ZMan block FbMotion up to the line and block the Sam linebacker. If he is inside the box then go get him. TBLine up 7-8 yards from the line of scrimmage (in Pistol) or 2 yards behind the QB and directly behind the guard (in Gun). ONCE THE QB HAS THE BALL open up and aim 5 yards outside the play side tackle. Your read is the last man on the line. If the Tackle has him sealed then stay on your track to the outside, if we don’t have the edge cut it upfield RIGHT AWAY!!!! Coaching Points JESUS=CROSS Play designed to get our X receiver lost in coverage. Play also allows for us to take a shot if we have a coverage mismatch on the outside. QBAlthough this is our 30 series so it’s a quick 5 step drop. In any man coverage we are looking for the X receiver as he clears the tackle. In cover three (Cut and Hold) we are looking for the Y receiver who is hooking up in the zone. LTSlide Pro LGSlide Pro CSlide Pro RGSlide Pro RTSlide Pro WGo route. Get inside position and get upfield. Get on your horse as you are an option on this play. XDrag at 4 yards. If there is a linebacker in your track go underneath him. Make sure that you are going underneath both the FB and Y receiver. You should almost brush by them as you pass them. YRun a drag at 5 yards and once you get on top of the tackle, turn it into a hook. (you are setting the last â€Å"pick† for the X receiver coming across the formation) Don’t make the pick look deliberate, just turn and look for the ball forcing the defender to go around you. ZGo route. Get outside position and get upfield. Get on your horse as you are either getting the ball deep, or clearing out that area for the X receiver. FbMotion into the line and run a drag at 5 yards. You should look to brush by the X receiver as you pass by ONTOP of him. RbEarly Motion. Set up behind inside leg of tackle, and cover up that gap. If no one comes release to the flats. Coaching Points (H)awaii-Hooks QB’s know where you are going with the ball pre snap, and throw the ball on time on your third step QBPresnap read: FS for cover zero, and Man or Zone off motion. Cover 1 we are looking backside (W) . Cover zero we are looking to Go route (X). Cover 3 Hold and Cut we are looking for the Y receiver. If there is a blitz or interior pressure from a blitz we are checking down to FB. LTSlide Pro LGSlide Pro CSlide Pro RGSlide Pro RTSlide Pro WHook breaking 7 yards back to 5. Get inside position on your DB and attack the ball when its in the air. XGo route. In cover zero look for the ball as soon as you have cleared your defender. Get inside position on your defender ASAP. YGet inside position on your defender and Hook at 10 yards, work back to 7 yards. Break and come back to the QbDont wait for the ball to come to you, go get the ball ZGet inside position on your defender and Hook at 7 yards, work back to 5 yards. Break and come back to the Qb Dont wait for the ball to come to you, go get the ball FbDrag at 3-5 yards. RbEarly Motion. Set up behind between backside tackle and guard. You are responsible for anything that comes through this gap.

Threats To Ict System And Organisations Information Technology Essay

Threats To Ict System And Organisations Information Technology Essay Scanners Various methods are used by people to attack systems using scanners. People are able to download scanners from the internet in order to scan addresses and obtain information about TCP ports. People can discover IP addresses by mapping using DNS. Hackers use this potential tactic assuring what systems are active and available to hack. Range of addresses This is a scanner which is very simple, visual and fast at scanning as it searches for a range of addresses. Deep probe in order to reveal essential information of a device then completing a deep probe is the useful way moreover, it can also be used when there is a remote fault. Scanning a wireless system If there is no encryption can result wireless systems to be very vulnerable. When looking at mobile networking, wireless access points need to be established as they can be accessed when connected to the laptop, PDA, or mobile. Windows has a feature that contains a tool that can allow you to click on a network icon for your wireless network connection. ARP poisoning Within the system these are known as switch based networks that are very secure as they create micro-segments. However, there is still an issues of attack in many networks. In order to tackle this problem, the memory must be monitored of many network by checking MAC address as they appear in locations more than once: here is a diagram to help your understating Default Gateway Victim Victim Default Gateway Man in the middle Magic disk are known to be boot disks that can be downloaded on the internet for the purpose of restarting the computer and subvert the operating system. There are some very good magic disks for instance the ultimate boot CD that can resolve issues of viruses and Trojans moreover, drive, hardware and operating system failures. In order to avoid anyone using a magic disk it is vital is password lock the BIOS and also USB sticks, floppy disks and CD/DVDs should not be used as boot devices. Key loggers Key loggers are applications that are used to record key stroke also can be used for mouse activities then interestingly sends the information to a file or in some case that are often used remote network location. There are very difficult to track as they are hidden but can be found using anti-virus software application. If suspecting there is a threat, run a protocol scanner, which works by looking at contents of every data packet. Access causing damage to data or jamming resources Unauthorised access to software can result to damaged data or restricting resources. There are attacks that can access systems without the need of damaging however, an intrusion can always have an effect on the system. Virus Attacks in all computer systems, virus attacks can occur when rogue code has entered in to the system. Viruses work by hiding themselves in ordinary executable code. They can damage the system by opening and closing the CD/DVD door, swapping key responses or can spread themselves by self reproducing and can serious damage the hard drive. There are virus scanners which will detect a virus by opening the file and scanning the code. Trojans Trojans are programs with a hidden identity and seem to look as a program or a file in which it can be normal or harmless to your PC. Worms Worms have a process of forwarding through the use of emails from the data of your contact list. Piggybacking, Tunnels and probes Knowledge is required for data for when forging data or spoofing and that knowledge network programming languages ranging from; Java, C++ or VB.NET. Hackers have the ability to hand craft a data packet in order for an application to be forced or information given away by server, lead to a service attack or piggyback/tunnel in which that happens into a system via an acceptable protocol. Phishing and Identity theft This is a recent developed method that allows unauthorised to systems. Phising works by luring people into showing their personal information in which this is done through social engineering for instance; when you receive emails supposedly to be from banks saying ISP etc. asking you to follow this link to lead you to their site in order for you to change your details in which that can be a HTTPS which that can be in operational. Natural Disasters Natural disasters can occur to many systems ranging from power outage, flood or fire leading to serious major damage. Organisations have computer systems that are specifically built to cope with these series of issues. The disaster policy have several ways to implement the following: Remote storage of all data to be done in daily back up Duplication of critical servers Malicious damage constantly there are malicious damages occurring internal and external to systems. Malicious damage can be caused by external hackers. The hackers then attack the systems. There are many security ways of preventing this however, hackers always find a way to do what they do best. Technical Failure There is always technical failure that occurs a lot now at days for instance when sever storages are lost, or bad internet connection that can cause disruption to the whole organisation. The large use of network technology for instance voice, video and CCTV can lead to a commercial damage and disrupt the security of the system. Human Errors Human errors occur unpredictably however, it does happen very frequently due many things for instance being forgetful, ignorant, or having lack of knowledge. This then results to system failure. Users can forget to back up data which then leads to loss of data is something happens to the system etc. Theft An Organisation or individuals can be damaged heavily in which that can be long lasting impact due to theft of data. Theft occurs in the cyber sense in which that is known as to be hacking, or physically removing data by CD/DVDs, memory sticks etc. Integrity and completeness of data This is a critical matter integrity and completeness of data as damaged can be caused if there is incorrect data. Incorrect data can result to distress and legal action especially the data in medical records, police systems as well as credit reports. You need to have appropriate people to check the data correctly maybe of customers or personal details by asking a colleague or customer to check if correct. Physical Security Systems can be safe with the latest the latest anti virus and firewall however, that is all useless if anyone can have access to the sever room and manages to get critical data on to a USB memory stick by copying the data. In organisations there should be security features that need to be present; lock and key security, equipment identificatyion, CCTV, Detection of intrusion etc. Lock and Key Security There is a need to secure devices such as laptops by inserting a padlock chain. In buildings there are many locks and key systems that operates a system that is master/submaster system. Equipment Identification this involves stolen properties identified for instance if a computer from school/college is stolen, it can be identified from the marking clearly showing ownership and origin which can lead to prosecution. Equipment can be identified through the use of indelible ink which labels the property of the owner in which it is invisible and ultra-violet sensitive ink. CCTV (Closed circuit television) This involves cameras used 24/7 in monitoring people or events. There are several advantages to its use for instance, central centres that are centralised can be monitored, a record of 24/7 events are maintained, and lastly mentioning that CCTV is at present to prevent bad behaviour to occur. Intrusion detection systems intrusion detections are used by many organisations which can detect human presence in many ways. The operate through various ways for instance, body heat is sensed by passive infrared, detect many movements through the use of microphones, doors and windows have circuit breakers for access etc. Staff visitor identification systems many from small to large organisations have systems that can identify staff or visitors in order to prevent unknown people to access. People can be identified through the use of identity cards in which it is a must for everyone in the premises to wear them. Biometrics Biometrics involves the use of finger printing to recognise, retinal scans and voice recognition. Fingerprint recognition this biometric form is commonly used in detecting in crime scenes. Our fingers contain a water solution which enables the detection on finger printing to work. There are several scanners that finger prints by detecting ridges in our fingers. Finger printing can also work in identification for passports and visa. Retinal Scans The retina is located at the rear of the eye and it is very similar to a finger print as it contains unique configuration. However, there is a difference between them as a finger print can be changed when the skin is removed through cuts or burns whereas it is impossible for the retina to be changed unless someone attempts to tamper with the eye bow which is highly unlikely. Iris scanning This is another unique identification eye method which is the iris. The difference between the retina is that the iris can be scanned when the recipient is wearing glasses or contact lenses. Voice Recognition This form of biometric is not being commonly used as voice can change due to various reasons for instance if someone is ill, stressed or has a throat infection that can affect someones voice. Software and network security Organisations all need to have security, techniques to manage data and technologies in order to combat intrusion and superverion of computers that are networking to prevent data being damaged or resources being affected. Encryption Encryption involves the conversion text, images and media information in to a format. RSA encryption is a Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Len Adleman in they are mathematicians who enforced the public/private key encryption through the use of prime numbers. In encryption there are many ciphers that exist for instance Caesar cipher, in which relies on simple key of changing one letter with the letter a fixed number of places down the alphabet. The operation of this works by using shift of four places meaning A becomes E and B becomes F etc. DES (Data Encryption Standard) is a cipher uses key 56 bits in length in which this can be mathematically explained. A public/private key can be used by RSA encryption; with an example of how the security certificate is issued by a website. As the creation of a key is done the certificate is a public key part of the exchange. Call back Dial up systems use call back where remote workers or network administrators are able to dial into a network or devices that have network and it will then call them back. In order to call back the number is pre-configuared. Users are unable to connect from any location but only the ones which are trusted and registered lines. Handshaking When data is being sent through a medium in WAN systems it in which it is not trusted, in order to obtain the trust the devices are each tested in a challenge as it carriers username and password in order to indentify the device. Diskless networks There are common ways data is stolen for instance when data is transferred from a computer to a mobile device storage. Backups Backing up data is important in order to restore critical data to assure that it is safe and secure, if data is not backed up very frequently will result the organisation loosing data in which that can be costly. Audit logs Audit logs are used for the purpose to keep records of network and database activity to also have a record of who has done what, when they did it and where. There are various purposes for instance, to maintain records that are detailed on how many systems are being used. Syslog is a commonly used system that is able to store simple, auditable records system activities. Firewall Configuration This enables users to be able to remove filters depending on various conditions: IP Addresses: Every machinery running of the internet each has an assigned address called the IP address. The IP addresses consist of 32 bit number and can be understood as octets in number which is decimal dotted. Domain Names: The sequence of numbers that produces the IP addresses can be hard to be remembered since a change of IP addresses tends to occur. Norton Security has a firewall as well as the Norton 360. How to check your FIREWALL settings Windows has a firewall that can be configured through control panel by opening it. The exceptions tab need to be selected and you will view a list of automatically configured expectations. You then select the add pot option. Virus Protection software Firstly, computers can be a victim of virus, worms and Trojan attack from the internet access as well as emails. There are various ways of protecting the computer from such things which are sadly created by virus writers A virus scanner can only be used when the user initiates it. There is a virus start up scanner that begins to run as soon as the booting process begins by checking for sector viruses. A memory resident scanner software checks for incoming emails as well as browser document by doing an automatic check on the environment of the computer. There are various types anti viruses all ranging with different abilities and some are much more secure than others and can be downloaded on the internet. These anti viruses can work through doing file emulation, file analysis, Heuristic-based detection, Malicious activity detection and Signature based detection. An anti virus basically examines the files for known recognisable viruses through the virus dictionary as well as to identify unrecognisable activities of behaviour in the computer to see if an infection may be occurring. A virus dictionary consist of list of viruses known and to be put by the producer of the software and so when an anti virus detects a virus it then refers to the dictionary to confirm, then initiates the deletion of the infection or it can quarantine the virus in order for it not to be accessible to other programs as well as stopping it from spreading or the attempt re-creating its self. Anti viruses also consist of suspicious alert in which it immediately alerts the user if it is suspecting or has suspected of a threat occurring then it ask the user if they want to proceed or what to do. The most destructive and spreads widely is argued to be the macro viruses, and mostly affects Microsoft as they need to overcome their security flaws in the out look in order to pr event this destruction occurring to the documents. A common way how viruses normally access the computers is through networking of local networks even through the internet by going through unprotected security patches which can be holes in the software or having an infected sent thought the use of email, downloads or disk sharing. Some of the viruses may set in to Excel or word file or has been created to initiate through email, and as soon as the computer it is infected it can carry on its destruction to other computers without the awareness from the user. Anti virus software updates are highly vital as new viruses can be created and the older softwares may not be able to protect you from it. VIRUS It is called a virus because it spreads everywhere and enables data to be deleted as well as corrupt files. WORM Worms have a process of forwarding through the use of emails from the data of your contact list. TROJANS Trojans are programs with a hidden identity and seem to look as a program or a file in which it can be normal or harmless to your PC. POLYMORPHING This is a clever ability a virus has for when changing its appearance, size, signature for every turn it attacks the computer because it makes it difficult for a virus software to recognise it. Software Utility Purpose Screenshot VIRUS PROTECTION Anti-Virus Protection Anti-Spyware E-mail Scanner ID Protection Link Scanner Resident Shield VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORKS (VPNs) Organisations are able to communicate from site to site in a public system through the use of VPN for instance the internet, via tunnel in which that is the route for all encrypted traffic. VPNs have a trusted connection on a system that has not been trusted. Passwords Managing passwords is very essential, organisations must ensure that the protection of the password is very safe to prevent troublesome. If the password is forgotten will lead to many problems. The password must not be written down Change the password for at least every 3 months Put a very strong password Software Update Software update is very important as it ensures that the system is safe from possible faults and vulnerabilities from various application. When the software updates it is an automatic update in order to remove the need of worrying on the update of the system. REFERENCES USED BTEC National Information Technology Practitioners Book 1 by Jenny Lawson

Inherit The Wind Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inherit the Wind, a play written by Jerome Lawrence, and Robert E. Lee, is one of the greatest and most controversial plays of its time. It was written at a time of scientific revolution to benefit people of the day and in the future, however, people of the day had a hard time accepting new ideas. It is societies unwillingness to change, and accept new ideas that create racism, and hate groups of today. This unwillingness is one of the major themes of this play. This thesis will be further explained, and supported by such literary elements, as setting, and character throughout the essay.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first example of the people’s unwillingness to accept new ideas, such as Darwinian theory, is towards the beginning of the book when both sides of the prosecution arrive in Hillsboro. The town is parading up and down the streets chanting, â€Å"give me that old time religion†, and â€Å"down with Darwin†. The irony of this is that none of them have read Darwin’s book, for example, when E.K. Hornbeck was talking to Eliza, the Bible salesman. Eliza said, that he, â€Å"can’t neither read nor write†, so he could not have read Darwin’s book, but yet he is calling Hornbeck a â€Å"sinner, and â€Å"evil-utionist† for believing in its ideas. None of the town’s people on Mr. Brady’s side of the trial have read, The Evolution of Species, not even Mr.Brady himself. Nevertheless, they will not accept the idea or take it into consideration. It is the town’s peopl...

Essay --

Traveling around the world can open your eyes to many new discoveries. Jonathan Swift was a well-known author during the 1600 and 1700’s. Many of Swift’s pieces were based on his experiences during his travels. â€Å"For most general readers, the name Jonathan Swift is associated only with his satiric masterpiece Gulliver's Travels. They are not aware that, in addition to it and hundreds of poems, he wrote a great deal of nonfictional prose, much of it of considerable interest, significance, and excellence† (Schakel). As a child, â€Å"Swift grew up fatherless and dependent on the generosity of his uncle† (â€Å"Jonathan Swift†). Jonathan was born in 1667 in Dublin, Ireland. According to â€Å"The Early Life and Education of Jonathan Swift† his father died in 1667 before Jonathan was born. Jonathan’s mother felt very strongly about her son’s education. â€Å"At the age of six he was sent to Kilkenny School, then the best in Ireland† (â€Å"Jonathan Swift†). â€Å"Swift continued in residence at Trinity College as a candidate for his masters of arts degree until February 1689. The Roman Catholic disorders began to spread through Dublin after the Glorious Revolution, causing Swift to seek security in England with a distant relative named Sir William Temple, at Moor Park.† (â€Å"Jonathan Swift†). As stated in â€Å"Jonathan Swift† Temple was engaged in writing memoirs and preparing essays for publication, and Swift acted as h is secretary. Swift gained much knowledge while he was with Temple by reading many books from Temple’s vast library. This is when Jonathan really became interested in writing. â€Å"Between 1691 and 1694 Swift wrote a number of poems and between 1696 and 1699 he turned to prose and wrote some of his most famous works such as A Tale of a Tub† (â€Å"Jonathan ... ...an Swift Biography†) â€Å"The closing years of Swift’s life have been the subject of some misrepresentation, and stories have been told of his ungovernable temper and lack of self-control† (â€Å"Jonathan Swift†). Jonathan Swift lived a long 78 years, he died on October 19, 1745. â€Å"He is said to have suffered what is known to have been Meniere’s Disease, an affliction of the semicircular canals of the ears† (â€Å"Jonathan Swift†). In 1742 he was declared incapable of caring for himself, and guardians were appointed, according to the article â€Å"Jonathan Swift†. â€Å"Later that year (1742) he suffered from a stroke and lost the ability to speak† (â€Å"Jonathan Swift Biography†). In 1745, Swift was â€Å"laid to rest next to Esther Johnson inside of Dublin’s St. Patrick’s Cathedral† (â€Å"Jonathan Swift Biography†). After living his long life Swift said â€Å"No wise man ever wished to be younger.â € 

Birth: The Beginning of Life Essay -- Birthing Birth Essays

Birth: The Beginning of Life Birth: a definition For all mammals (with platypuses being the exception), parturition is the beginning of life as we know it. More specifically, birth is the means by which non-human primates and human primates alike begin their experience of the world. I am interested in the significance of childbirth the method by which it is carried out, its implications for the birthing mother, and the way that the birthing process is viewed by different societies. Both birth and the postpartum period involve a certain degree of danger for the birthing mother, her nascent child, and her entire family or community. Because childbirth is so dangerous (the average lifetime risk of dying from pregnancy related causes is about one in fifteen in some poor countries, MacCormack 1), most cultures have distinct patterns that determine how the birthing process will be carried out. The birthing process involves different birthing positions; different rules concerning who is allowed to be present during the time of birth; mechanisms for deciding where birth takes place; and different ways by which mother and child deal with labor, birth and postpartum. "As a life crisis event, birth is everywhere a candidate for consensual shaping and social regulation the particular pattern depending on local history, ecology, social structure, technological development, and the like" (Jordan 4). By exploring the original human condition of childbirth one is able to gain insight into the universal biosocial phenomenon known as the birthing process. In addition, I am interested in studying childbirth because, as women's work, it is usually not given enough attention in the traditionally male-dominated field of anthropology. "Unt... ... Peoples. London: J. Cape, 1971. Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer. The Langurs of Abu: Female and Male Strategies of Reproduction. Cambridge, MA:, Harvard Univ. Press, 1997. Jordan, Brigitte. Birth in Four Cultures: A Cross-cultural Investigation of Childbirth in Yucatan, Holland, Sweden, and the United States. 4th ed. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1993. Lawlor, Robert. Voices of the First Day: Awakening in the Aboriginal Dreamtime. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Trad. Ltd., 1991. MacCormack, Carol P., ed. Ethnography of Fertility and Birth. 2nd ed. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1994. National Geographic Society. "Among the Wild Chimpanzees." National Geographic Video, 1984. Pinker, Steven. "Why they kill their newborns" New York Times Magazine 11 Feb. 1997: 52-55. Smuts et. al. eds. Primate societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986.

State and Local Government Essay

What is Federalism? The United States has one of the most complicated forms of government in the world. With many levels and subdivisions, this form of government is called federalism. Within the United States, federalism is marked by a continuous change in the system of connections between the national, state, and local governments. At times, the different levels of government act independently and at other times, the levels became so entangled that it becomes impossible to tell apart the responsibilities of one from the other. Federalism is just one of the three main systems of power used by the United States. There are two ways, other than pure federalism, to organize power among national and regional governments. Pure federalism is also known as a federal system. In a federal system, the central and regional governments are divided in power and responsibilities, and the governments do not depend on each other for their power. Voters elect candidates into both the regional and central levels within a federal system allowing the United States to have a representative government, meaning that people elect representatives to legislate on their behalf. Another system of government is the unitary system. In a unitary system, power is concentrated in the central government. The central government then grants special powers to the regional governments. Voters elect people into the central government and then the central government assigns people to the regional governments. France’s government is an example of a unitary system. The third system of government is the confederal system or confederacy. In a confederacy, power is concentrated more in the regional governments than the central government. Voters elect people into the independent regional governments and then these independent regional governments grant legal authority to the central government. An example of a confederal system would be the Confederate States of America. The federal system describes the system of power that the United States has. This means that the regional governments (states and localities) and the central (national) government are independent equals. Because of this, the  federal system allows for these regional governments to experiment with policy. These experimental acts by the regional governments give them the label of laboratories of democracy. However, for some years now, federalism has been linked with the concept of devolution. Devolution is the process of powers and responsibilities being taken from the national government and given to the state governments, which clearly goes against the â€Å"independent equals† idea in federalism because states are gaining more power. This could be a result of the states abusing their power of experimenting with policy. Although states might abuse their power of experimenting, the actual practice of experimenting is considered an advantage. Experimenting is one of the many advantages of federalism. Federalism allows for flexibility among state laws and institutions as well as reduces complications because the states are able to accommodate citizens’ interests, which is shown by how much easier trade is now. Another advantage of federalism is that it enables the achievement of national goals, which is shown when the goal of creating an interstate highway system was achieved in the 1950s. Although federalism is full of advantages, it comes with a price. Unfortunately, federalism increases complexity and confusion, which could be a great inconvenience for people. Federalism can cause confusion between state and federal governments because of the vagueness of the exact division of powers among them. Federalism promotes the duplication of efforts and the reduction of accountability. It also makes it difficult to coordinate, which is shown when police or fire departments in different cities or states can’t communicate with each other. This was clearly shown during the Three Mile Island accident that almost caused a huge catastrophe. Another drawback would be that federalism creates inequality in services and policies. Federalism is not a perfect ideal, but rather it plays host to a balance of both advantageous and disadvantageous outcomes. The Federal Emergency Management Agency, also known as FEMA, is a classic example of how federalism shapes policy. In trying to aid in the relief for hurricane Katrina, FEMA was unsuccessful in their efforts. They were not  able to communicate with state and local governments and coordinate procedures in providing relief. However, during hurricane Sandy, FEMA provided great help and relief for people because they were able to efficiently communicate and coordinate proper procedures. This shows how coordination can go from bad to good because of the resiliency of FEMA in federalism. Federalism in the United States has a Constitutional base. The Constitution grants powers to the different levels of government. Enumerated powers are grants of authority that are explicitly given to the federal government, meaning that they are written in the Constitution. One of the most important pieces in the Constitution is the national supremacy clause, which states that federal law takes precedence over all other laws. This allows the process of the federal government overriding areas regulated by state law, called preemption. Exclusive powers are also another set of powers stated in the Constitution. These are powers given solely to the federal government. The powers of creating and upholding an army and navy, declaring war, and regulating commerce are all exclusive powers. Education is run by the states because running education is not stated as an exclusive power. Another set of powers stated in the Constitution are concurrent powers. Concurrent powers are powers that are shared by both the federal and state governments. The right to tax, borrow, and spend are all powers that can be exercised by the federal and state governments. Implied powers are another set of powers given to the federal government through the Constitution. These powers are broad, but undefined, powers that were essentially created on the idea that not all powers could possibly be listed to meet the needs of the developing nation. These include the general welfare clause, the necessary and proper clause, and the interstate commerce clause. The general welfare clause gives Congress the authority to provide for the â€Å"general welfare†. The necessary and proper clause gives Congress the right to pass any law that they think is â€Å"necessary and proper† to help in carrying out the responsibilities of the federal government as they are defined in the Constitution. The interstate commerce clause gives Congress the right to regulate interstate commerce. These clauses have been broadly interpreted which, in result, has been giving Congress more and more implied  powers. While the Constitution has been shifting more power into the hands of Congress, there isn’t much stated for the state governments. It does, however, state the full faith and credit clause. This clause requires that states recognize each other’s public records and acts, meaning that contract, wills, and marriages that are valid in one state are all valid in all other states. In essence, this clause is the financial backbone of state and local government. Another clause that was stated in the Constitution for state purposes is the privileges and immunities clause. Under this clause, states are prohibited from discriminating against the citizens of other states. The Bill of Rights was also something put into the Constitution to promote individual and state rights by limiting the power of the federal government. The Tenth Amendment addresses the power of the states. It guarantees a broad and undefined set of powers be reserved for only the states and people. The Fourteenth Amendment also deals with specifying the powers of states. This amendment makes it so that the states cannot deprive individuals of the rights and privileges of citizenship and it also requires states to provide due process and equal protection guarantees. The Constitutional basis for federalism in the United States is a big part of its government. Federalism is not a cut and dry system, however. There are many different types of federalism. One of these types is dual-federalism. It is the idea that federal and state governments have powers and responsibilities that are separate and different. Dual-federalism is the midpoint between nation-centered federalism and state-centered federalism; nation-centered federalism being the belief that the nation is the basis of the federal system and that the national government should take superiority over the states, and state-centered federalism is the exact opposite. Advocates of states’ rights agree with the compact theory and believe in a government for the states. Whoever advocates states’ rights believes that states should be able to make their own decisions without any interference from the federal government. The compact theory is the idea that the Constitution represents an agreement among the sovereign states to form a common government. It  took the practice of nullification to an extreme back during the 1820s and 1830s. Eventually, national policies kept upsetting the southern states in the U.S. and that led to secession arguments. The concept that it is impossible for state and federal governments to have different and separate jurisdictions and that both those federal and state governments must work together is called cooperative federalism. Cooperative Federalism comes in different forms as well. The first form of cooperative federalism is â€Å"Layer Cake Federalism†. This form of federalism consists of delineated lines that separate federal, state, and local governments. â€Å"Layer Cake Federalism† is rarely used. The second form of cooperative federalism is â€Å"Marble Cake Federalism†. In â€Å"Marble Cake Federalism†, federal, state, and local governments are so thoroughly mixed with each other that they are impossible to separate from each other. This form of federalism is more common in the United States. The third form of cooperative federalism is â€Å"Picket Fence Federalism† or centralized federalism. Centralized federalism is the concept that the federal government should take the leading role in setting national policy, with state and local governments helping to implement the policies. Centralized federalism has shifted power from the states to federal government. The power shift can be seen through grants given to the state governments by the federal government The federal government supplies many different forms of grants-in-aid. The first form is a categorical grant, which is money given for specific programs, leaving the state and local governments with little discretion on how to spend it. The second form of a grant-in-aid is a general revenue sharing grant. These grants come with few constraints and they leave the state or locality with almost complete discretion over how they want to spend the money. All grants given by the federal government come with constraints crosscutting requirements. Crossover sanctions are federal requirements that mandate the grant recipients to pass and implement certain laws or principles as a condition of receiving the fund. Sometimes the federal government issues action-requiring direct orders to the states and localities but don’t provide any financial support for that action. These  orders are called unfunded mandates. These grants have all helped in shifting power from the state governments to the federal governments, but there has been a new form of federalism that has been shifting power back to the state governments. This form of federalism is called new federalism. New federalism is the belief that states should receive more power and authority and less money from the federal government. Block grants were the type of grants that were preferred in new federalism. They are federal grants-in-aid that are given for general policy areas and leave states and localities with wide discretion on how to spend the money within the designated policy area. Unlike new federalism, ad hoc federalism is a form of government that could differ from time to time. Ad hoc federalism depends on the issue at hand. It is the process of choosing a state-centered or nation-centered view of federalism on the basis of political or partisan convenience. In other words, ad hoc federalism can be swayed either towards the states or towards the federal government by whichever party has the dominant hand in Congress. The Bush-era was described as entering the United States into ad hoc federalism. This type of federalism is not definitive. To sum things up, federalism cannot be described in one single sentence. Federalism has its ins, outs, ups, downs, and can be all over the place. Federalism’s many forms are what make this system of government unique and different from the others. It has taken the United States into some fortunate and some not-so-fortunate times. It is a complicated concept that will continue to change as the United States advances even further into the future.

Consensus Ad Idem

EROSION OF CONSENSUS AD IDEM This work is to discuss about the erosion of â€Å"consensus ad idem† or called as â€Å"meeting of the minds†, to get to know about this we have to know about â€Å"Contract† where in which the â€Å"consensus ad idem† plays a very important role. Meaning and Definition of Contract: The word contract is derived from the Latin â€Å"contractum†, meaning â€Å"drawn together†. It, therefore, denotes a drawing together of two or more minds to form a common intention giving rise to an agreement which is intended to be enforceable by law and which may have elements in writing, though contracts can be made orally.Section 2(h) of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 defines a contract as an agreement enforceable by law. Section 2(e) defines agreement as â€Å"every promise and every set of promises forming consideration for each other. † Section 2(b) defines promise in these words: â€Å"When the person to whom the pro posal is made signifies his assent thereto, the proposal is said to be accepted. Essentials of Contract: Every contract is said to have the following elements:- ? Offer ? Acceptance ? Consideration ? Meeting of the minds [consensus ad idem] ? Competency of parties & Legality or Lawful Object These six elements are said to be the essentials of a valid contract, absence of even one of these would result in non-enforceability or a contract which is not legally enforceable. Two or more persons can enter into a contract and there should be offer or proposal from any of the party to the other and the offer can be of any form i. e. , express, implied or general offer, also the offer should be certain and definite. An offer is synonymous with proposal. The offeror or proposer expresses his willingness â€Å"to do† or â€Å"not to do† (i. . , abstain from doing) something with a view to obtain acceptance of the other party to such act or abstinence. Thus, there may be â€Å"po sitive† or â€Å"negative† acts which the proposer is willing to do. When an agreement is placed and which is said to be legally enforceable, consideration on both sides is a must. Each party to the agreement must give or promise something and receive something or a promise in return. Consideration is the price for which the promise of the other is sought. However, this price need not be in terms of money.In case the promise is not supported by consideration, the promise will be nudum pactum (a bare promise) and is not enforceable at law. Moreover, the consideration must be real and lawful. ? Meeting of Minds [consensus ad idem]: â€Å"Consensus ad idem [Latin: agreement on the same thing / Meeting of the minds]. The agreement by contracting parties to identical terms that is necessary for the formation for the formation of a legally binding contract. In particular it refers to the situation where there is a common understanding in the formation of the contract.This co ndition or element is often considered a necessary requirement to the formation of contract. It is understood that a contract cannot be formed or may not be considered as legally enforceable when there is no common understanding between the parties to the contact. They may not be expressly implied in a contract but the conduct of the parties and their understanding towards performing an act is enough to show that there is consent between both the parties. ? Competency of parties: The parties to a contract should be competent to enter into a contract.According to Section 11, every person is competent to contract if he (i) is of the age of majority, (ii) is of sound mind, and (iii) is not disqualified from contracting by any law to which he is subject. Thus, there may be a flaw in capacity of parties to the contract. The flaw in capacity may be due to minority, lunacy, idiocy, drunkenness or status. If a party to a contract suffers from any of these flaws, the contract is unenforceabl e except in certain exceptional circumstances. ? Legality or lawful object:The object of the agreement which was entered between the parties must be lawful and not one which the law disapproves. If in case, the said object is to be unlawful then the agreement would become void. All these above elements combined together forms a contract which is legally enforceable. ? Erosion of â€Å"Consensus ad idem† : The idea of expounding a contract based on meeting of minds at early stages was made by Sir Frederick Pollock. There were also persons like Oliver Wendell Holmes who criticized the concept of meeting of minds as ‘fiction’.This concept has been accepted and had been put into use even until now, but there had been some leaps and bounds in early stages of evolution of contract. In  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Household Fire and Carriage Accident Insurance Co Ltd v Grant  Ã¢â‚¬Å"(1879) 4 Ex D 216, Thesiger LJ said, â€Å"Now, whatever in abstract discussion may be said as to the le gal notion of its being necessary, in order to the effecting of a valid and binding contract, that the minds of the parties should be brought together at one and the same moment, that notion is practically the foundation of  English law  upon the subject of the formation of contracts†. In â€Å"Carlill v.Carbolic Smoke Ball Company†Ã‚  [1893] 1 QB 256, Bowen LJ said, â€Å"One cannot doubt that, as an ordinary rule of law, an acceptance of an offer made ought to be notified to the person who makes the offer, in order that the two minds may come together. Unless this is done the two minds may be apart, and there is not that consensus which is necessary according to the English law – I say nothing about the laws of other countries – to make a contract. † Here in our country, Section 2(e) of Indian contract Act 1872 defines agreement as â€Å"every promise and every set of promises, forming the consideration for each other,† i. e. there shou ld be meeting of minds to constitute a contract. There are also several case laws in which the importance of â€Å"consensus ad idem† has been upheld. In â€Å"M/S Richa Industries Ltd & Ors vs. ICICI Bank Limited & Another†, on 14 October, 2011 Delhi High Court upheld that, â€Å"Contract Act, 1872 being contracts which are beyond the law and this court can draw inference by looking into the illegality in the said contracts and their purpose. The plaintiff states that the agreement or the transactions are not valid that the defendant was never authorized to do the derivative transactions on behalf of the plaintiff.It is submitted on behalf of the plaintiff that the defendant has got some template contracts signed from the plaintiff whereof entered into the transactions on its behalf without proper information and guidance. It is argued that there was no consensus  ad  idem  to enter into any such contract of authorizing the defendant to enter into derivative tr ansaction and the same is vitiated by the  consensus  ad  idem  and consent of the plaintiff. The said consent must be taken from the plaintiff by way of informed consent and not by just getting the documents signed without informing the purpose for which they are taken from the plaintiff.The plaintiff is also aggrieved by the fact that the defendant is seeking to declare the plaintiff as willful defaulter. The plaintiff challenges the defendant's letter dated 28. 02. 2011, whereby show cause was issued†. In this context, all the countries dealing with contracts has accepted the usage of â€Å"consensus ad idem† as it is said to be the key element of contract and also according to the Indian Contract Act 1872. Erosion of this concept was only at early stage of it and now it has been a clear view of that without consent of both parties to the contract it cannot be considered legally acceptable.The basic principles of contract have been substantially abrogated due to privatization and liberalization. Even then, â€Å"consensus ad idem† i. e. , meeting of minds or mutual agreement is a hard nut to crack as without this element there can be no existence of agreement, and it would result in void agreements or at times it becomes voidable. Reference: †¢ Halsbury’s Law on India – Volume II, Butterworths – Lexis Nexis – New Delhi, 2002 †¢ M. Krishna Nair- The Law of Contracts – 5th Edition- Orient Longman Publication – Chennai, 1997, Reprint 1998. Pollock & Mulla- Indian Contract Act & Specific Relief Act – 13th Edition – By Dr. RG – Padia – Lexis Nexis – Butterworth’s Publication, New Delhi, 2006. †¢ Anson – Law of Contract – 28th Edition – Revised by J. Beakson – Oxford University Press Publication – London, 2010. †¢ Cheshire, Fifoot & Frumston – Law of Contract – 13th Edition – M. P. Furmston – Butterworth’s Publication, London, 1996. †¢ Contract – www. wikipedia. org/wiki/Contract †¢ www. indiankanoon. org †¢ www. wisegeek. com †¢ Blog. SilverDane. com

DataDot Case Study on HRM

In Practice Introduction A young high-tech company, Tattoo, has grown rapidly during the last few years and it is very clear that the CEO, Paul, has kept the entrepreneurial spirit of the company. Due to the rapid growth, there has been a restructure of the company with now three managers in three business units; although, the managers are in charge of applications, communications and Internet solutions, Paul is still the single point of contact for all staff and has the final say in most decision, making it very difficult for the managers to do their job.In the recent months, Paul has notice that the employees are not motivated and are loosing the passion and enthusiasm they had shown for the firm in the past, furthermore, a few people have left the company already. In a recent case, one of the Java developers had expressed dissatisfaction with his salary and although Paul Increased his salary, the employee decided to leave anyway. An action Is needed and drastic changes have to be made on Human Resource (HRS).Marc's Case Apparently, there must have been something wrong which led to a result where Marc decided to resign anyway although Paul had offered him a raise in salary for 15%. One of the possible reasons would be because Marc felt that Paul did not pay enough attention to his case. Paul did not handle Marc's situation promptly and held it for few days. Marc might have felt that he was again being neglected and had lost his trust for Paul.The second reason is that Marc's manager, Lisa, did not pay attention on the condition of her subordinates wellbeing, which might have caused by Pall's decision to take all the human resource Issues directly into his own hands. Lisa did not even notice Marc's intention to leave the company and also has not had a anger-subordinate talk with Marc for a long time since she has been busy focusing on business development work. There Is no a proper human resource management and salary system in the company so that employees pe rformance could easily be overlooked or unnoticeable.However, Paul should prevent of losing Marc because the situation states that it is very hard to find an experienced Java- developer in the market. He could start by having a sincere talk with Marc, in person, and try to figure out the real reason behind Marc's resignation, whether it was only because of unsatisfying wage. Was this a sole case or general issue? Paul could also try to find some feedback from Marc about the him/company/the managers. They could figure what to do next by firstly clarifying the above Issue.Next, Paul should delegate the department's people issue to Its manager. Lisa should be able to focus her work not only on the tasks but also on her team's people Issue. Low Employee Morale As described previously with Marc's case, It Is obvious that the company's reporting lines are not formalized, this creates a little friction between Paul and the unit need the approval of Paul. Those managers might feel that they do not have enough impact on the organization's performance due to the over-controlling nature of the CEO.As companies grow, it is very important to set in place a plan where the newly developed business units have managers that are autonomous and able to manage projects, personnel and budgets, but not without a proper guidance and performance evaluations. Since there is no clear role for RE in the company, it is very difficult to identify the changes of personnel internally and externally. For example, it is known that there has been unhappiness and denomination among employees, but body does a real enquiry about what is really happening.On one hand, there are some internal issues like the interactions of Paul with the staff and how the staff is feeling less in touch with management; on the other hand, a few employees have complained about their remuneration, but no one has done a research about the changes of the local IT Job market and make an adequate adjustment. As employees f eel that they are not being recognized by their work, not Just monetarily, but when they feel neglected and unappreciated, they will show denomination, a loss of their ensue of belonging and loss commitment for their company.A Mid-Term Plan We are playing a role as a consultant in this case. We would suggest and help TATTOO or Paul to improve his company system, which would benefit himself and the whole company, using Engagement Principles: 1 . Introduce and socialist the company's vision, mission, and goal to the employees as often as necessary to create an understanding for the employees about their employer and company. Let the employees embrace the broad picture of the company and help plant a sense of belonging towards the company. What is Tattoo meaning? 2.Create a system where the company and employees would be able to keep track on employees' performances. The company should be able to know how capable and competence their employees really are, also to give proper support to the employees skill improvement, if necessary. The employees need to be able to feel that they gain adding value by working in Tattoo. Set up an effective performance evaluation system for employees. E. G, Marc and other employees should be able to know and feel that their works are appreciated and rewarded. 3. Implement a feedback chem†¦Tattoo will benefit a lot from getting the employees' feedback. Tattoo needs to encourage and motivate the employees to give feedback or suggestion about their company, could be by giving incentives for the special effort. E. G, Today's employees would feel their voice are heard by the feedback scheme. Tattoo would get some good insights, which could help improve the company. 4. Set up a clear organization structure and Job description. Once Tattoo came up with a fix organization structure and Job description, they must be consistent and committed to it.It involves a total Job delegation will stimulate initiative taking within clear boundaries . It will create sense of discipline amongst the workers and also enable people to make an informed choice. E. G, Lisa and other managers should be able to handle their team issues and tasks without Pall's full interference. The above are the core ingredients to create and manage engaged employees. Engaged employees will lead to a better and healthier working environment. It would also help to improve the Tattoo company system by having an HRS person or, better yet, better organized.

The Theoretical Background Upon Behavior Modification Techniques

The theoretical background upon behavior modification techniques Abstract Behavior modification is a technique about the change in undesired behavior and enhancing desired behavior. In this paper is shown the history of this technique, when it dates from, a theoretical background and the steps of the modification, in order to be successful and thriving. This paper will show one of the first experiments with the behavior modification and how they helped this behavior technique to evolve, so to be helpful for therapeutic purposes as well as for parental purposes. Table of contents: 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 2. History of behavior modification†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 3. Principles of behavior modification†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 4. Techniques of behavior modification †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 5. Steps of behavior modification†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 6. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦. 4 7. Reference list†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦. 5 1. Introduction Behavior modification is a technique concerning the change in the undesired behavior and enhancing desired behavior. It is an approach that aims to modify the behavior of a pe rson through the use of positive or negative reinforcement and punishment.Rewards such as approval, cloth, food or even money can support and strengthen the desired behavior and improve its regularity and occurrence. Behavior modification technique is used in many different situations, varying from the performance of children in their classroom, in their home or in the playground to the actions of adult prison inmates or people who need therapeutic treatment. For instance, if a child is doing her or his homework, this is a desired and wanted behavior. A teacher can support this kind of activity by providing the child with praise or a star on a chart to encourage the child to repeat this behavior.In the next lesson the kid has done the homework in order to get another star. This is a behavior modification. 2. History of behavior modification The theoretical background of behavior modification technique dates since 1911 when this term is used for the first time by Edward Thorndike. Th e behavior modification can also be traced to lab research in 1800's and 1900's. The greater part of this research was done through experimenting with animals. However, this technique is profoundly and intensely developed by American behaviorist Burrhus Frederic Skinner.He developed the idea of operant conditioning, which is the concept that the behavior of a person or an animal can be shaped by reinforcement or lack of one. (Skinner, B. F, 1938). Nowadays, these notions are used by parents and mental health professionals. Behaviorists strongly believe that people are a creation of their life experience with the ability to manage their behavior and study new once. Many routine programs are about reducing cholesterol, blood pressure or weight by using behavior modification techniques as a means of thoroughly modifying eating habits.In another words, behavior modification technique is used to replace undesirable behavior with desirable once. It is the process of modifying a person's r eaction to different stimuli. 3. Principles of behavior modification In the behavior modification technique there are two main principles and they are reinforcement and punishment; both can be either positive or negative. The reinforcement fortifies the behavior. It is something that a person obtains as a result of their behavior that makes it more possible to do it again in the future. A positive reinforcement is about encouraging desirable behaviors through a technique of rewards.In the behavior therapy, therapists often make contracts with their patients and clients in order to establish the terms of the reward system. A negative reinforcement illustrates wanted behavior which is rewarded with the elimination of a negative stimulus. On the other hand, the punishment lessens the behavior. It happens when a person obtain a consequence that they do not desire as an outcome of their behavior. A positive one takes place when unwanted behavior results in the addition of a negative stim ulus. A negative punishment takes place when unwanted behavior results in the removal of an enjoyable and satisfying motivation.B. F. Skinner display positive and negative reinforcement. He put a rat in a box. In this box there was a lever and when it was pushed it released food. The rat quickly understands that every time he pushed the lever he will receive food. In this case the positive reinforcement of receiving food made the rat to push the lever and so it has lever pushing behavior. In Skinner's other example, he put the rat in a different box with a lever. In this box there was an electric current. The rat would push the lever, which immediately turned off the electric current.So, the rat learned to push it in order to stop the current. This behavior was reinforced by avoiding negative circumstances. According to B. F. Skinner the punishment have to be used only as a last option. He thought so, because he believed that people will try harder for a prize than through fear of p unishment, so he stated that the positive reinforcement is more effective than the other methods. He also had the notion that the punishment did not result in the long run for the behavior modification, he believed that the punishment had only brief results. 4 . Techniques of behavior modificationIn the behavior modification there are three techniques which help to remodel negative thoughts or actions into positive ones and they are systematic desensitization, aversion and token economy. Systematic desensitization technique aid with lessen the fear associated with certain stimuli. The experience to the fear-producing stimuli, while focusing on easing techniques in the long run leads to the fear-inducing stimuli resulting in the easing response, rather than fear. Aversion technique support breaking severe or just troublesome habits through associating aversive stimuli to the unwanted habits.In the end, the unwanted habits become related with the negative consequence and the behavior is diminished. The most effective behavior modification technique is the token economy, mainly with children. With this technique a wanted behavior results in the reward of a token -for instance a star or a poker chip; on the other hand unwanted behavior result in taking away the token. When children gain a specific number of tokens, they get a meaningful item, opportunity or some kind of benefit in exchange for the tokens.Ultimately, the rewarding of tokens decreases the unwanted behavior on their own. 5. Steps of behavior modification The behavior modification technique is accessible for everyone – individuals, families and ill people and they all have to follow some steps in order the behavior modification to be successful. The steps are related with identification, education, environmental changes, encouragement and discouragement. The identification of a problem may be easy when an adult choose to stop smoking, or difficult when a student often interrupt the teacher in c lass.Behavior modification techniques involve an educational part to begin the wanted changes. For instance, a teacher might explain to a child in positive ways to express irritation with discussion, rather than throwing objects. Negative behaviors often take place in relation to exact circumstances. For instance, an overeater might always eat when watching TV or a smoker might always smoke when drinking coffee. Environmental changes diminish the chances for the negative behaviors to take place. When the proper behavior occurs, the individual obtain positive reinforcement.For example, a child who does her or his homework will be left to play games or extra hour on the playground. Negative reinforcement give unwanted consequences for keeping on the negative behavior. For instance, extra chores might be the consequence for a teenager acting disrespectfully at home. 6. Conclusion A behavior modification technique has the potential to help many people as well as everyday behaviors and c ircumstances and also to aid in many disorders. This technique has proved as successful many different treatments.For instance, it has helped with children with autism, conduct disorders, many different phobias and addictions; it also has helped in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder as well as in parenting and classroom settings. In conclusion to be thriving it has to be followed five very important steps for successful behavior modification technique. First of all it has to be determining the ways for helping diminishing the problems. Secondly, it has to be developing a program designed to lessen the unwanted behavior and make stronger the wanted behavior.Third, it has to be carry out the program. Fourth, it has to be keep objective records of progress. And fifth it has to be supervising the program and results and modify as necessary. 7. Reference list †¢Fernandez, Cr. (2010) Examples of Behavior Modification Techniques Available from: http://www. lives trong. com/article/181974-examples-of-behavior-modification-techniques/ [Accessed November 2012] †¢Labrador, Fr. (2004) Skinner and the Rise of Behavior Modification and Behavior Therapy Available from: http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/15581239 Accessed [November 2012] †¢Martinez, El. 2010) Types of Behavior Modification Available from: http://www. livestrong. com/article/123748-types-behavior-modification/ Accessed [November 2012] †¢Nayab, N (2011) Examples of Behavior Modification Approaches That Really Work Available from: http://www. brighthub. com/office/human resources/articles/107630. aspx [Accessed November 2012] †¢Steeves, J. (2012) A Review of Different Behavior Modification Strategies Designed to Reduce Sedentary Screen Behaviors in Children Available from: http://www. hindawi. com/journals/jobes/2012/379215/ Accessed [November 2012]